100x Week 3 Assignment: Cognitivism
COGNITIVISM:
This learning theory focused on what is going on in the learners' mind as learning occurs. Memory, thought, knowledge, and problem-solving impact learning. New learning could occur only when learners could connect new information or concepts to previously understood/learned ideas. Humans experience a pattern of development from simplistic to more sophisticated thought processes.
COGNITIVE LOAD:
This concept is used in cognitivism and refers to the amount of mental effort and resources required to process information during learning. Humans receive information from our eyes and ears, but these channels only let through so much information, after which learning is impaired.
RESEARCHERS - Late 1950's
Jean Piaget: His theory of cogntiive development focused on the importance of matching instrucgtional materials and activities to a learner's current cognitive stage. The learners' active engagement with their environments was significant.
Lev Vygotsky: His Social Development Theory asserted that cognitive development is contingent upon social engagement. He developed the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) concept which emphasized the need for learners to receive appropriate support from more knowledgeable individuals to manage cognitive load effectively.
Jerome Bruner: His concept of "scaffolding" suggests that instructional materials should be presented in steps that progressively increase in complexity as learners' cognitive abilities grow. Learners have the ability to predict, create, and invent in this learner-centered approach.
Albert Bandura: In his social cognitive theory the notion of self-efficacy emphasizes that learners' beliefs in their abilities influence their cognitive load and motivation to learn. Learning occurs through observation, imitation, and social experiences and learners continuously monitor and adjust to reach mastery.
& Instructional Design
IMPLICATIONS
Cognitive Load Theory proposes that the human mind can only focus on or hold a limited amount of this information at once instructional designer needs to eliminate extraneous elements.
Richard Mayer's Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning include 12 principles:
1. Multimedia Principle
2. Coherence Principle
3. Signalling Principle
4. Redundancy Principle
5. Spatial Contiguity Principle
6. Temporal Contiguity Principle
7. Segmenting Principle
8. Pre-training Principle
9. Modality Principle
10. Voice Principle
11. Personalisation Principle
12. Image Principle
IN MY OPINION
Below I have compiled several examples and tips in the week's readings that would be useful to apply to current teaching and learning. These include:
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Present some information via the visual channel and some via the verbal channel.
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Break content into smaller segments and allow the learner to control the pace
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Remove non-essential content
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Words should be placed close as possible to the corresponding graphics
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Don’t narrate on-screen text word-for-word
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Use eLearning Assessments To Determine Preexisting Knowledge
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Divide Complex Problems Into Smaller Steps
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Opt For A Clean, Chaos-Free eLearning Design
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Pair Text With Visuals And Audio
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Give Their Memory Banks A Break
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Include The Necessary Resources
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Get Rid Of The Unnecessary Online Activities
For Example
This interactive film teaches teenagers how to correctly administer CPR.
Several tips and tools to support multimedia teaching and learning are implemented in this website learning experience. These include:
1) Breaking content into smaller segments / Divide complex problems Into smaller steps. Each step in the process of CPR is addressed and reviewed separately from the decision to administer it through the point at which a live was saved.
2) Words are placed close to the corresponding graphics & text is paired with visuals and audio. This is executed especially well during the quiz sections with the answer choices popping up over the still of the video.
Additionally, the quality and demographic targeting of the training also supported the teaching and learning experience.
Quality - The creators of this learning experience are experts in their fields, which contributes to its high-quality, engaging tools and accuracy. This includes an award winning producer-director and a cardiovascular critical care physician.
Demographic Target - The content is customizes between Teachers and Learners. The dramatic interactive video features teenagers in a real life scenario with a variety of reactions and emotions.
A couple other components also helped support the learning experience, such as: clear questions and answers, alternating between watching and applying knowledge, easy to read button choices, opportunities to re-choose answer to support learning. Encouragement, demonstrations, corrections, and repeats were also implemented to provide positive reinforcement. Most interesting and effective was the structure of the learners who were divided into groups who worked as teams and competed against each other in their learning. These are teaching and learning techniques that I hope we cover later in this course.
Interactive Tutorial
Promotional website